Please enjoy these African names for the new year:

• KISASA (kee-SAH-sah).  New, modern.  Kenya, Tanzania
• NYONGPUA.  A new thing has come.  Cameroon (Mubako)
• SABO (SAH-boh). New.  West Africa (Hausa)
• SHA (SHAH).  New.  Azania (Zulu)
• UPYA (OOP-yah).  Something new.  Kiswahili
• YALERO (yah-LEH-roh).  It is new.  Zambia (Chewa)
• ZWELITSHA (zway-LEET-shah).  New world.  Azania (Xhosa)

_{The African Book of Names | www.AfricanBookofNames.com}

Even in the monastery there is occasion for song and merriment. _-Ethiopia

Enjoy this list of African names for Kwanzaa.

Umoja (Unity)

• AZUBUIKE (ah-zoo-boo-EE-keh). Unity is strength. Nigeria (Igbo) M
• LUSAMBYA (loo-sahm-bjah). The unifier. DRC (Rega) M
• SIRA (see-rah). May he join together his friends. Somalia
• SOMBOZA (ssohm-boh-zaah). One who brings together. Uganda (Ganda) M
• TIZILALE (tee-zee-lah-leh). We shall gather together, unite. Zambia M
• UNGAMANA (oon-gah-MAH-nah). Be united. Kiswahili
• YANJANANI (yahn-jahn-ah-nee). Unite, understand each other. Zambia M

Kujichagulia (Self-Determination)

• DHATI (DAH-tee). Determination, free-will. (Kiswahili)
• IBHEJI (ee-beh-jee) Determination. Azania (Zulu)
• JILELE (jee-LEH-lee). Be self-reliant. Zambia (Tumbuka) M
• JINGA (jehn-gah). Determination. Cameroon (Mubako) M
• OBIORA (oh-bee-OH-rah). The will of the people. Nigeria

Ujima (Collective Work and Responsibility)

• DARAKA (dah-RAH-kah). Responsibility. Kiswahili
• IKEDIORA (ee-kee-dee-OH-rah). The power of a community. Nigeria M
• MADARAKA (mah-dah-RAH-kah). Responsibility. Kiswahili
• ODUSINA (oh-doo-SEE-nah). Hard work opens ways. Nigeria
• SHIME (SHEE-meh). We work together; we pull together.  Kiswahili
• THANDIZANI (tahn-dee- ZAH-nee). Let’s help people in the community who are suffering.  Zambia M

Ujamaa (Cooperative Economics)

• AKOLU (ah-KOH-loo). Success is more likely when there is cooperation. Nigeria
• AKUDO (ah-KOO-doo). Wealth is acquired by peaceful means. Nigeria (Igbo)
• IBEBUIKE (ee-beh-boo-EE-keh). Partnership is power. Nigeria (Igbo) M
• KBELLO (K-BEHL-loh). Something shared. Azania (Sotho)
• KETASE (keh-TAH-seh). Cooperation. Zambia (Tumbuka) F
• ODOZIAKU (oh-doh-zee-ah-koo). Keeper of wealth. Nigeria (Igbo) F
• OLAMINA (oh-lah-MEE-nah). This is my wealth. Nigeria (Yoruba)
• SIHAM (SEE-hahm). Sharing; participation. Kiswahili F
• UNGANA (oon-GAH-nah). To combine. Kiswahili

Nia (Purpose)

• ASHIA (ah-SHEE-ah). Meaningful existence. East Africa
• MAKUSUDI (mah-koo-SOO-dee). On purpose. Kiswahili
• NIAMOJA (nee-ah-moh-JAH). One purpose. East Africa (Kiswahili) M
• NYAH (n-yah). Purpose. East Africa F
• SABABU (sah-BAH-boo). The reason why. Sierra Leone M

Kuumba (Creativity)

• ADWIN (AHD-ween). Creative, imaginative. West Africa
• DALA (DAH-lah). Be creative; create something new. Azania (Xhosa) M
• KENYA (KEHN-yah). Artist. East Africa
• SEITU (seh-ee-too). Artist. East Africa

Imani (Faith)

• AMINIFU (ah-mee-NEE-foo). Faith, belief. Kenya, Tanzania
• DINI (DEE-nee). Faith, religion. Kenya, Tanzania (Kiswahili) M
• EJIRA (eh-JEE-rah). Believe. Nigeria (Eleme)
• KEMBA (KEHM-bah). She is full of faith. Central Africa F
• NKOLO (n-KOH-loh). Faith. Azania (Xhosa) M
• SUBI (SOO-bee). Faith. Zambia (Bemba)
• TUMELO (too-MEH-loh). Believe. Azania (North Sotho)

Download a PDF copy of African names for Kwanzaa here.

Once upon a time in southern Africa, when a child was named, the name and the meaning of the name were painted on a round stone in black or red. This stone was kept as long as the person was alive. After the person’s death, the stone was ceremoniously broken into two pieces (Samaki 2001). Naming rituals of this type have existed across Africa for centuries.

In traditional African society, naming is as significant as marriage, and therefore many African cultures have naming ceremonies.

West Africa

NIGERIA

Igbo. In Igbo society, naming ceremonies may take place four days after a child’s birth, but more often, the naming ceremonies take place on the eighth day, depending on the health of the mother and child.

Paternal grandparents officiate Igbo ceremonies. The ceremony begins with ancestor recognition and divination, followed by the name giving and planting of a live plant to represent life and survival. Next, a participant pours a wine libation to share the child’s name with the ancestors. After the usual breaking of kola nuts and prayers, the ceremony, which traditionally lasts an entire day, ends with a family procession.

The Igbo tend to name based on observation, birthmarks, or some other remarkable characteristic—for example, Ogbonna (“image of his father”). Igbo also commonly name children for the market day on which they were born—Nweke, Adafo, or Okorie. Of the names the Igbo give to a child, the father or a family elder gives the child the name the community will use most often.

Edo. The Edo people usually name on the seventh day following the child’s birth. The community gathers as early as ten AM and begins to pray for (among other things) the child’s health, prosperity, and long life. The main portion of the naming ceremony, which is female-centered, tends to take place around 7 PM the same day. The ceremony generally involves the following elements:

• Kola nuts (welcoming prayers).
• Gin or other strong, hot drink (protecting the child from becoming an alcoholic).
• Palm wine (libation).
• Native chalk mixed with salt (symbolizing happiness).
• Honey, sugar, and bitter kola nuts (symbolizing duality of life’s bitter and sweet qualities).
• Alligator pepper (invoking energy in the child’s speech).
• Coconuts (representing mystery, secrets, and the unknown).
• Yams (a staple food of the Edo people).
• Palm oil (symbolizing emollient for life’s problems).
• Water (representing fluidity and having no enemies).

The senior male breaks the kola nut and passes pieces around for all to share. The senior female then asks the mother what she would like to call the child seven times. In the first six instances, the mother says something the other women reject. For example, the female elder: “What will we call this child?” Mother: “We will call this child ‘worm.’” Women: “We will not call this child a worm.”  Music and song follow the first six instances. However, on the seventh instance, the father whispers the actual name into his wife’s ear.

The mother publicly announces the child’s name. Then, the women affirm the name and pray for the child to have a long life. They invite the rest of the participants to offer prayers as well. In the spirit of collectivity, the community gives guests an opportunity to name the child. Traditionally, guests put a gift or a monetary donation (of any amount) in a bowl before stating the name they want to give to the child. After each person states her/his name, the other participants respond with, “Ogha gue dia ise” (May s/he live long). A feast filled with food and drink follows.

Ishan. With the Ishan people of Nigeria, the family’s paternal elder throws the infant into the air and calls out a name. If they accept the name, the attendees call out approval, “He will live long with this name.” Otherwise, the elder tries again. The elder passes the child around to allow the community to confer community pet names on the child.

Igarra. In Igarra society, a new baby does not leave the house until after a naming ceremony. The eldest man in the community traditionally performs naming ceremonies in early morning, or at sunset. The baby’s mother hands the baby to an elderly woman, who passes the child to the eldest man, who begins the ceremony by dipping his finger in the water and putting a bit of water in the mouth of the baby. This symbolizes the “first food of life.” The other elements the elder puts in the baby’s mouth are as follows:

• Honey (sweetness of life).
• Palm oil (neutralizes poison).
• Kola nut (success following trials).
• Salt (“No one eats salt and speaks bad of it.”).
• Dry fish (fish don’t drown in water; the child will not drown in life).
• Alligator pepper (so the child will multiply).
• Wine (to invoke the spirits that might disturb the child during the course of her/his life);
• Bitter kola (the child will grow like the kola plant, bitter at first, then sweet).

After the tasting of elements, the elder whispers the name of the child in the baby’s ears and then says it publically. The elder man then passes the child to the elder woman, who, in turn gives the child back to the mother. The Igarra perform naming ceremonies at various stages of life, not just for newborns.

NIGERIA, BENIN, TOGO

Yoruba. The Yoruba typically name babies from the seventh to ninth day. Some in the Yoruba culture believe they must name babies in the first seven to nine days after birth, or the baby will not outlive the parent of the same sex.  So that, historically, Yoruba name males on the ninth day, and name females on the seventh day. They name sets of twins on the eighth day.

Yoruba naming ceremonies begin in early morning or afternoon. The entire family is present and dressed in white. The day of the ceremony is usually the first day the mother and child are away from the home since the birth of the child. To begin, the mother hands the baby to an elderly person, usually a woman who washes the baby in herbs.  A community member sprinkles water toward the ceiling and applies some to the baby. The community hopes the child cries when the water touches it, as only living things can produce noise on their own. The ceremony participants pray and make offerings. Then they call the names of the ancestors. Next, community members pour water or rum and light candles for the ancestral spirits. In small amounts, the ritual leader puts the following elements in the child’s mouth:

• Water (purity)
• Red pepper (forces of nature)
• Salt (wisdom and intelligence)
• Oil (power and health)
• Honey (happiness)
• Liquor (wealth and prosperity)
• Kola nuts (good fortune)

Participants suggest praise names until the parents select one. Someone whispers the selected name into the child’s ear and then dips the child’s finger into water and touches the child’s finger to his/her forehead. Often, a community members takes a reading to reveal the child’s character and destiny.

The community members (separately) put a touch of salt, honey, palm oil, and water in the child’s mouth. Then all of the people present hold the baby and promise to protect her/him. Dancing and singing begin and end this ceremony.

Yoruba frequently work on a three-name system. The first name is the personal name (oruko). The second name is the praise name (oriki), which reflects the hopes for the child. The third name connects the child to its family or community (orile).

GHANA

Akan. The Akan typically keep an infant indoors for seven days and name a child on the eighth day. The father of the child names the baby after an individual he admires and wishes to honor. An Akan naming ceremony begins and ends before sunrise. The Akan ceremony uses two cups. One cup contains water; and the other cup contains a “strong drink”/nsa. An elder places a finger in the water and then into the infant’s mouth, saying “If you have come to stay, then this is your name. May you live long among us.” Next, the elder dips a finger in the strong drink and then into the infant’s mouth. This ritual leaves both a pleasant and difficult taste in the infant’s mouth. Often, the two cups are mixed together and the ritual leader gives the remaining liquid to the parents so they may experience what their child is experiencing. The rest of the liquid is shared with the entire community The first name the Akan give to a child is the kra den, or soul name. The day of the week on which a child was born determines the kra den. In Akan culture, the day of the week on which a child was born ultimately reveals which spiritual force guides and governs the child. The second name the Akan given to a child is a formal name known as the den pa, which ties children to their ancestral clan(s). The Akan also give children a third name identifying birth order.

Krobo. The Krobo of Ghana tend to name children according to their birth order , and the day of the week on which they were born. The Krobo name, Afe Dede means Friday Firstborn Girl; Dede Gaga means Firstborn girl Tall.

Ghanaian names frequently have two parts. The father gives the child the soul name (Akeradini), associated with a deity related to the day the child was born and considered the name the child was “born” with. The father offers the child an Akeradini at the hour of the child’s birth—there is no ceremony for this. The father selects the second name (Agyadini) from among his family’s relatives, and gives the child the Agyadini during the naming ceremony.

GHANA, BENIN, TOGO

Ewe. The Ewe have naming patterns similar to the Akan. Each Ewe child has a birthday name given for the weekday on which the child was born—for example, Efia (“born on Friday”), Ama (“born on Saturday”), and Kwakou (“born on Wednesday”).

BENIN

Goun. The Goun name female children seven days after birth, and their male children nine days after birth. Like the Akan and Ewe, the Goun children are born with birthday names—for example, Sede (“born on Sunday”). Goun give children other names referring to circumstances surrounding the birth, and names expressing emotions such as joy or sorrow—Affoyon (”welcome, born at the right time”) and Bidoun (“joy of birth”) are examples. Goun aunts give several names to Goun children, but each name giver has to purchase the name given with a gift of money. If the grandfather is alive, he selects the name the child will be called. If not, then the mother chooses the name.

BURKINA FASO

Dagara. According to Some (1999), the Dagara not only decide on names as a community, but also work to make a name match the child’s purpose. If the Dagara pick a name potentially construed as negative, the true purpose and intention are stated.

The first time the people offer a name to the community, they present the name in some sacred way. Friends and family stand in a circle, and one individual is selected to hold the elements representing each direction. Someone pours libations and then calls on the ancestors. The parents usually walk into the center of the circle holding the infant. If the infant is a girl, the mother hands the baby to her motherin-law; if a boy, the father hands him to his father. The grandparents then present the baby to the four directions while asking for blessings. Then the grandparents whisper the baby’s new name into her/his ear three or four times (three for males; four for females). Next, the name is said aloud the same number of times. As with most rituals, this one ends with a feast of food(each participant has prepared and brought food to share).

SIERRA LEONE

Koranko. The Koranko tend to name infants after dawn on the child’s eighth day of life. To start, the child’s paternal and maternal relatives present a bowl of rice flour and water, topped with white and red kola. The relatives’ presentation symbolizes their willingness to “carry the child” or train her/him for life. Then, the most senior paternal relative acknowledges the ancestors and prays in Koranko or Arabic.

Usually, an elder female relative brings the child outdoors. While she carries the child, the senior paternal relative recites the names of ancestors while pouring a libation of cold, clean water, moving counterclockwise. Following prayer, the attendees recite ancestral names. A paternal female relative sweeps the place on the ground where the baby will be laid, symbolically sweeping away death. Next, the male elder lays the baby on the ground and sprinkles cold water on the baby to symbolize the child being between the divine and human worlds. After pouring more libations, the attendees share the rice flour, beginning with the senior paternal relative. Getting permission from the attendees, the senior paternal member names the child with a name determined by gender.

The child is traditionally named for a member of the family, either living or dead. So that children don’t have the same names, the Koranko add the mother’s first name to the child’s name. After the naming, family and community members give gifts. The ceremony concludes with a procession introducing the child to the community.

SENEGAL, GAMBIA

Wolof. The Wolof ceremony tends to take place a week after birth and begins just before noon in the home/place where the child was born. The mother sweeps the house and then washes the infant in water while the midwife or grandmother holds the infant. Then the child’s head is shaved, starting on the right and working to the left, which the Wolof believe bestows blessings. The Wolof gather kola nuts, cotton, and millet in a clay bowl. For the Wolof, the kola nuts represent long life and good luck. An elder rubs hands all over the infant’s hands. The attendees offer prayers and the elder spits in the child’s ear to make sure the name is implanted in the baby’s head. Finally, the elder announces the name loudly and then the attendees spend the rest of the day singing, dancing, and feasting.

Wolof names are meaningful in denoting the genealogical tree. The Wolof generally give children the family name of their fathers, So every Wolof child has a name referring to their past or to their ancestors.

CAMEROON

Bassa. East Cameroon’s Bassa people name male children on the ninth day and female children on the seventh day. Among the Bassa, the father usually names the child. The Bassa naming system revolves around names referring to the psychological state of the parents before or during childbirth, and names speaking to the relationship between the family and the community: Pegwo (disappointment); Jurodoe, (faithful); Sohna (anxiety).

MALI

Fulani. Fulani fathers select and give names to their first two children, while Fulani mothers select and give the name to the third born. For the Fulani, first names are usually Muslim, and other names refer to birth circumstances: Falala (born into abundance); Moro (shameless); Diengoudo (the late comer); Guedado (wanted by no one).

Diawara. A totem is an object serving as a revered symbol or inspiration for a family, or group. The Diawara give their children names from the Koran (Idrissa, Moussa, Issa, Binta), or name their children after plants or animals that are totemic symbols.

COTE D’IVOIRE

Bete. The Bete people name children when the child first utters a sound. A council of elders, including the child’s father, chooses a name and names the child. The mother influences the choice of name, but does not participate in the group decision. Paternal and maternal parents give names to the child, but the Bete use the paternal name. Bete names generally come from animal or abstract sources; then there are names directly related to experiences or events: Lago (God); Ble (buffalo); Bleza (wild bear); Zogbo (scandal, shameful event); Drepenba (I shall not forget).

CHAD (ALSO THE CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC)

Sara. The Sara name male children on the third day after birth and female children on the fourth day after birth. Sara names commonly reveal family members’ special talents or occupations: N’guississandje (founder of a family of lions); Tomalbaye (strong courageous man).

Southern Africa

ZAMBIA

Several cultures in Zambia name the child the day its navel cord finally falls off. Commonly, the maternal grandmother conducts the naming ceremony and the maternal side of the family takes responsibility for asking the mother whom she dreamt of during her pregnancy. Elders also ask the baby (directly) if s/he has come back as one of its ancestors. If the baby smiles, the elder believes s/he has found the appropriate name. If the baby cries through the night, then the elders select another name, and another, until the child sleeps peacefully through the night.

ZIMBABWE

Ndebele, Zezuru. These Zimbabwean groups, like many other groups, name children one week after birth with names relating to meaningful circumstances or events: Tapera (the enemy has all but wiped us out); Libbila (setting sun); Bulawayo (place of the massacre); Makata (liberty is to be found at the top of a steep mountain). The southern Ndebele recognize five phases of name giving for males (Skhosana 2002):

• A birth name/first name (ibizo lokubelethwa). The community chooses this name within seven days.
• Abaptismal or Christian name (ibizo lokubusiswa). The parents or church often choose this name, which will be used by the “outside world.”
• A “hardworking” name (ibizo lokugwaba). A peer group chooses the “hardworking” name before initiation.
• A “manhood” name (ibizo lokuwela). Grandfathers and fathers select and bestow the “manhood” name after initiation.
• A “fatherhood” name (ibizo lobubaba). This is more of a title and is derived from the firstborn child’s first name. This name is used for the remainder of the male’s life cycle, unless the child  after whom the father is named dies, at which time the name is no longer used.

RWANDA

Watutsi.  Watutsi also name children a week after birth. Unlike many other cultures, though, the naming feast is for the children, several of whom are allowed to suggest names for the newborn. The Watutsi place emphasis on meaning: Bizimana (only God knows); Nkudinshuti (I like friends);  Bamgababo (there is a dispute in the family).

East Africa

KENYA

Abaluhya. Kenya’s Abaluhya name a child for each of the clans (families) linked to the child. Thus, a child cannot have fewer than four names—two from the father’s clan and two from the mother’s clan. Typically, Abaluhya also give infants names identifying the season s/he was born, and another name identifying the day s/he was born: Nafula (born during rainy season); Jimiyu (born in dry season).

Akamba. On the third day after birth, the Akamba give names to their children, after which they then regard the child as a full human being. Once the name has been bestowed upon a child, the parents participate in ritual lovemaking to secure the infant’s separation from the spirit world and welcome the child into the human world.

Chagga. When the first tooth appears, the Chagga give infants a personal name. The community prays to the ancestor for whom the child will be named. After the father affirms the name, the women in attendance sing. For example, “Ancestor, may you be mentioned in this house at all times. Protect this child, lest your name cease to be remembered by us.”

Agikuyu. The Agikuyu’s naming system is rigid, allowing the Agikuyu to preserve their history for  generations. At birth, the Agikuyu name babies after a paternal family member and a maternal family member.

Luo. Similar to groups in Zambia, the Luo call out different names while an infant is crying. If the child stops crying when a particular name is called, then the Luo give the child that name.

Maasai. Maasai often give names when children are a year old. After elders slaughter a sacrificial goat, they shave the heads of both mother and child to represent the new phase of life.

Rural Masai have an atypical naming ritual. On the evening of the ritual, the Masai mother carries her baby to the cattle kraal and milks cows with the child on her back to introduce her child to nature. When done, three male elders and the child’s father join the mother and name the child.  Elders announce the new name saying, “May this name dwell in you.”

SOMALIA

In traditional Somalia society, newborns’ mothers stay indoors with their babies for forty days (afatanbah). During the afatanbah, relative and friends care for the family. Traditionally, the mother wears earrings of string and garlic. Also, the family gives the baby a bracelet of string and agris gris (charm/talisman). Somalians believe the garlic and agris gris repel those who wish the child harm.

When the afantanbah is complete, mother and child leave the home for the naming ceremony, which occurs with much dancing, singing, music, and food. Ritual goat killing is still a regular part of these naming ceremonies. In modern Somalia, naming rituals take place a week after birth. Both the father and mother select names, but the name the father selects for the child becomes the most popular. Somali names relate to circumstances or events, such as the season during which a child is born: Roblai (the one who brings rain); Nadifa (born between two seasons); Jama (one who brings people together); and Diah (born during full moon).

SUDAN

Sudananese naming rituals occur seven days after birth (Simayah). The child’s father prepares a lamb for slaughter, saying something like “By the name of God I am going to call my boy or girl so and so” (Madubuike 1976).

Sudanese children keep their names for life. Females do not change their names after marriage. Sudanese choose the names of famous people; the days of the week; and names based on the birth circumstances: Konyi (firstborn son); Masala (the great mother); Nyawela (on a journey).

©2009. Askhari Hodari, Ph.D. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be copied, reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the express written permission of the author. Author: Askhari Hodari, The African Book of Names, afrikannames@gmail.com.

However far the stream flows, it never forgets its source. _—Nigeria

To fully explore the African continent, one would have to visit fifty-six countries, including islands and disputed and colonial territories (marked with an*):

Algeria (al-JEER-ee-ah). Population: 33,333,216. Algiers or Al- Jazair means “the islands” in Arabic, referring to small islands that once dotted the bay of the city. Approximately 80 percent of Algerians speak Arabic. Other living languages spoken in Algeria include the Berber languages (Riff, Kabyle, Tamashek) and French.

Angola (ahn-GOH-lah). Population: 12,263,596. Angola takes its name from the Quimbundos king, called “Ngola.” Although Umbundu, Mbundu, Kongo, and Chokwe are spoken in Angola, the official language of Angola is Portuguese.

Benin (beh-NEEN). Population: 8,078,314. Formerly Dahomey, Benin inherited its name from its indigenous inhabitants, the Bini, who were themselves named for an ancient kingdom on the Gulf of Guinea. The main local language is Fon, with about one million speakers in south Benin. Other living local languages include Burba and Yoruba. Benin’s official language is French.

Botswana (bahts-WAH-nah). Population: 1,815,508. Botswana refers to the Tswana, Botswana’s indigenous inhabitants. Tswana is thought to mean “like” or “similar,” referring to people who stayed after most emigrated. The official languages of Botswana are Tswana and English; however, there are still a significant number of San speakers.

Burkina Faso (behr-KEE-nah FAH-soh). Population: 14,326,203. Formerly The Republic of Upper Volta, this country’s modern name translates as “fatherland of the worthy men.” Burkina Faso has also been translated as Mossi for “Land of Incorruptible Men.” The major local living language is More (Mossi). Other living languages include Gourma, Fulani, Tuareg, and Dyula. Burkina Faso’s official language is French.

Burundi (boo-RUN-dee). Population: 8,390,505. The name derives from Rundi, the indigenous people. The universal (and official) language spoken throughout the country is Rundi or Kirundi. French, the colonial language, remains as an official language.

Cameroon (kah-meh-roon). Population: 18,060,382. This present form of the name is derived from Rio de Camarões (the River of Prawns) the name given to River Wouri by Portuguese colonialists surprised by the abundance of crustaceans in the river. Local languages are Fang, with about 2 million speakers; Bamileke, with about 1.5 million speakers; and Duala, with around 1.3 million speakers. More than 2 million speakers, mostly in urban centers, speak Cameroon Pidgin English. French and English are both official languages of Cameroon.

Cape Verde (CAPE VEHR-day). Population: 423,613. The name translates to “green cape” and refers to the large trees that have green leaves year-round. Although Portuguese is the official language of Cape Verde, Cape Verde Creole is the mother tongue of nearly all inhabitants.

Central African Republic. Population: 4,369,038. This country is located in central Africa, thus the name. “Africa” is thought to originate from either the Latin word “aprica” (“sunny”) or the Greek word “aphrike” (“without cold”). French and Sango are the official languages of the Central African Republic.

Chad Population: 9,885,661. The name derives from Lake Chadand is a local word meaning “large expanse of water.” While there are over 100 local languages, Sara (with more than 750,000 speakers) is the most popular language in the south of Chad. Fur is also spoken in the Darfur area on the border with Sudan. The official languages are French and Arabic.

Comoros. Population: 711,417. The name “Comoros” is derived from the Arabic word Qamar, meaning “moon.” French and a form of Kiswahili are spoken most often in Comoros.

Congo (kohn-goh). Population: 3,800,610. Congo borrows its name from the Bantu word, Kongo, meaning “mountain.” The main local languages are Kongo and Teke with half a million speakers each. Two Creoles, Kituba and Lingala, are languages of wider communication used by roughly two to four million Congolese. French, however, is the official language.

Cote d’Ivoire (coat-dee-VWAHR)/Ivory Coast Population: 18,013,409. European traders referring to the availability of ivory tusks, called this country Ivory Coast. The official language is French. However, about seventy local languages are spoken here, including Dyula and Senufo (in the north); Akar and Agni (in the southeast); and Malinke (in the northwest).

Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Population: 65,751,512. Formerly Zaire, the Democratic Republic of the Congo gets its name from the River Congo. The official language is French, with Lingala spoken by about 25 percent of the population. Luba is spoken by about 15 percent and Kiswahili is spoken by about 30 percent of the population.

Djibouti (djee-BOO-tee). Population: 496,374. Djibouti is believed to derive from an Afar word “gabouri,” meaning “plate,” referring to a plate woven from palm fibers and used for ceremonial purposes. Approximately 4 percent of the population speaks French, while about 12 percent speak Arabic. The main local languages are Somali, spoken by about 45 percent of the population, and Afar, spoken by 40 percent of the population.

Egypt (EE-jehpt). Population: 80,335,036. The name appears to have Latin and Greek origins in the word “hut-ka-ptha,” meaning “the temple of the soul of Ptah.” This area has also been known as Kmt, Kemet, and Khamit, and Egyptians refer to their country as Misr, not Egypt. The vast majority of the population speaks the official language, Arabic.

Equatorial Guinea (GEH-nee). Population: 551,201. This country’s name refers to its location inside the territory of historical Guinea. While the main local language is Fang, spoken by about 75 percent of the population, the official language is Spanish.

Eritrea (ehr-uh-TRAY-ah). Population: 4,906,585. The name is derivative of the Latin phrase “Mare Erythraeum” (meaning “of the Red Sea”), referring to the Red Sea, along which Eritrea lies. English and Arabic are taught in schools and used for business. The indigenous languages include Afar, Tigré, and Tigrinya.

Ethiopia (ee-thee-OH-pee-uh). Population: 76,511,887. The name has origins in a Greek word, “aithiops,” which literally translates to “burnt appearance” and is thought to refer to the dark skin color of the original inhabitants of Ethiopia. Tigrinya and Tigré are spoken in north Ethiopia, and Italian is spoken in a few places. Much of the population, however, speaks and understands Arabic, but the official language is Amharic, spoken by about 25 percent of the population.

Gabon (gah-BOHN). Population: 1,454,867. The name, derived from the Portuguese word “gabao,” meaning “cloak,” perhaps refers to the shape of the rivers underneath the extensive foliage. The population speaks about 40 local Bantu languages. The official language is French.

Gambia (GAHM-bee-ah). Population: 1,688,359. This country is named after the River Gambia (gambia means “river”) that flows through the country. Local languages includeMalinke (400,000 speakers), Fulani (100,000 speakers), Wolof (75,000 speakers), and Dyola and Sonike (50,000 speakers each). English is the official language.

Ghana (GAH-nah). Population: 22,931,299. Once referred to as the Gold Coast, Ghânâ means “king” in Arabic. About one million Ghanaians speak English as a second language, and half the population speaks Akan. Ewe, Hausa, and Dagbani (More) are also fairly common, and Ga is spoken in Accra, the capital of Ghana. The official language is English.

Guinea (GEH-nee). Population: 9,947,814. The word Guinea is believed to be Berber in origin and refers to “land of Blacks.” Fulani is popular in central Guinea, where about 40 percent of the population speaks the language; about 25 percent (in north Guinea) speaks Malinke; and about 10 percent (in southwest Guinea) speaks Susu. French is the official language.

Guinea-Bissau (GEH-nee bee-SOHW). Population: 1,472, 780. This name comes from Guinea, which borders it to the southeast; and Bissau, its capital. Balante is spoken by about 30 percent of the population; around 20 percent speak Fulani; and Malinke is also common. Portuguese is the official language of Guinea-Bissau.

Kenya (KEHN-yah). Population: 36,913,721. Kirinyaga or Kere- Nyaga (“Mountain of Whiteness,” referring to the permanent glaciers and snow) is the Agikuyu term for the mountain from which Kenya derives its name. The major Bantu languages are Agikuyu (20percent of the population), Luo (14 percent), Luya (13 percent), and Kamba (11percent). Maasai is still found along the border Kenya shares with Tanzania, and Turkana is spoken in the northwest. Kenya’s official languages are Kiswahili and English.

Lesotho (leh-SOH-toh). Population: 2,125,262. Sotho is thought to mean “brown” or “dark” and could refer to the people in Lesotho or to the waters of the Usutu River. About 15 percent of th population speaks Zulu. The official languages are Sotho, spoken by almost all the indigenous people of Lesotho, and English.

Liberia (lai-BEE-ee-ah). Population: 3,195,931. Formerly enslaved Africans founded the country known as the Republic of Liberia. The name is derived from the Latin word “liber,” meaning “free.” Liberia’s main local languages are Kpelle and Kru, but Liberian Pidgin English (sometimes called Kru English) is widely used as a lingua franca. The official language is English.

Libya (LEH-bee-yah). Population: 6,036,914. Libya is believed to come from Libu, a local nomadic tribe. While some Tuareg (Tamashek) is found in the west, most of the population speaks Arabic.

Madagascar (mah-dah-GAHS-kahr). Population: 19,448,815. The origin of Madagascar is uncertain. Early reference to the island as Madagasikara, Madeigascar, or Mogelasio eventually became Madagascar. Almost the entire population speaks Malagasy, the official language. French is also widely understood.

Malawi (mah-LAH-wee). Population: 13,603,181. Maravi (from which “Malawi” derives) is said to mean “flames,” potentially referring to the sun’s rays rising on Lake Malawi. A third of the population speaks English and Nyanja, the official languages.

Mali (MAH-lee). Population: 11, 995,402. Formerly called the French Sudan, some have traced “Mali” to an old Malinke word meaning either “place where the king resides,” or “hippopotamus.” Bambara, with about two million speakers, is a primary local language; Fulfulde and Songhay are spoken by approximately one million people. French is the official language of Mali.

Mauritania (mahw-ree-TAH-nee-ah). Population: 3, 270,065. The name is derived from a Spanish description of the area as “the land of the Moors.” French is still a major language in Mauritania, along with Fulani (in the south, with about 150,000 speakers). Arabic is the official language of Mauritania.

Mauritius (mahw-REE-shyuhs). Population: 1,250,882. Dutch explorers named this island for Prince Maurice of Nassau. About 30 percent of the population speaks Creole French, and just a few people speak English, the official language. With one of three residents being of Indian and Pakistani origin, English has very little influence locally.

Mayotte* (mah-YAHT). Population: 208,783. Mayotte (French) or Maore/Mahore (Comoran) describes the land of the Moharais. Since Mayotte is an overseas collectivity of France, French is the official language in Mayotte. However, most inhabitants speak either Maore or Bushi.

Morocco (moh-RAH-koh). Population: 33,757,175. Morocco is a version of the name Marrakech, the meaning of which is not certain. More than half the population speaks Arabic, the official language. There are a significant number of Berber speakers in the mountain region. French and Spanish are also widely understood by the people of Morocco.

Mozambique (moh-zahm-BEEK). Population: 20,905,585. The name is believed to be a corruption of the Arabic “musa malik” (“musa king”). Two of the main local languages are Makua, spoken by abou six million people in the north, and Tsonga, spoken in the south by about two million. Portuguese is the official language.

Namibia (nah-MEE-bee-ah). Population: 2,055,080. In the local Nama language, “namib” means “land where nothing grows” or “an area where there is nothing.” Ambo is the most widespread local language spoken by the Ovambo people in the north. In central and eastern parts of Namibia, Herero is often found. English (the official language) and German are still common.

Niger (NAI-juhr). Population: 12,894,865. The country’s name is derived from the River Niger, meaning “black” in Latin. At least half the population speaks Hausa. About 23 percent (mainly in the southwest) speaks Dyerma. Fulani and Tuareg (Tamashek) are commonly found in the northern and central region. The official language is French.

Nigeria (nai-JEER-ee-ah). Population: 135,031,164. Nigeria means “the area of the Niger,” identifying Nigeria as the area of the Blacks. Africa’s most populous country, Nigeria has the largest number of local languages, including Hausa (20 million speakers, mainly in the north), Yoruba (17 million speakers in the southwest), and Igbo (13 million speakers in the southeast). Nigerian Pidgin English is the lingua franca of urban centers like Lagos.

Reunion*(ree-yoon-yuhn). Population: 793,000. The islands are named Reunion reportedly to commemorate the reunion of the soldiers from Marseilles. Réunionnaise Creole is the main language of the country.

Rwanda (roo-WAHN-dah). Population: 9,907,509. This country’s name is taken from the indigenous people, Vanyaruanda, the meaning of which is unknown. The two official languages, Rwanda (known as Rundi in Burundi) and French are spoken by most of the population. Kiswahili is a business language in Rwanda.

Sao Tome and Principe (sah-toh-MAY and PREEN-see-peh). Population: 199,579. Sao Tome means “St. Thomas” and Principe means “Prince Island” in Portuguese. Much of the population speaks a Portugese-based Creole,with Portuguese being the official language.

Senegal (SEH-nee-GAHL). Population: 12,894,865. Derived from the River Senegal, the meaning of the actual word “Senegal” is unknown. Thirty-five percent of the population speaks Wolof, the main local language. Other local languages include Fulani, Serer, Dyola, and Malinke. Senegal’s official language is French

Seychelles (say-SHEHLZ). Population: 81,895. This country was named for the French finance minister, Jean Moreau de Sechelles. Though French Creole is spoken in the majority of areas, the official languages are English and French.

Sierra Leone (see-EHR-rah-lee-OHN). Population: 6,144,562. The country’s name means “lion mountains” and refers to the shape and climatic conditions since lions do not traditionally frequent this part of Africa. There are about one million Mende speakers in Sierra Leone. Krio, an English-based Creole, is widely spoken, particularly in the capital Freetown. The official language is English.

Somalia (soh-MAH-lee-yah). Population: 9,118,773. The origin of the name is unknown. While English and Italian are widely understood in Somalia, Somali and Arabic are the two official languages.

South Africa. Population: 43,997,828. An all-white government chose the name “South Africa” because this country is Africa’s southern most country. The Pan African Congress, a liberation movement, refers to their homeland as Azania, meaning “land of the Black people” (this tradition is respected here). Zulu and Xhosa are the main languages of South African Blacks, with about 4 million speakers each. Two million people speak Tswana, about 1.5 million speak Sotho, and about 500,000 people speak Swazi. The country’s constitution guarantees equal status to eleven official languages: Afrikaans, English, IsiNdebele, IsiXhosa, IsiZulu, Sepedi, Sesotho, Setswana, SiSwati, Tshivenda, and Xitsonga.

Sudan (soo-DAHN). Population: 39,379,358. Sudan in Arabic means “land of the Blacks.” Around 500,000 people in the central region speak one of the Nubian languages (Nobiin, Dongolawi), while another 500,000 speak Beja. Darfurian has around 175,000 speakers in the west. More than half the population speaks Arabic, the official language. In the south, the dominant languages are Dinka and Nuer. Juba Arabic is a creole language that has developed as a widely spoken language in the regional capital of Juba.

Swaziland (SWAH-zee-land). Population: 1,133,066. This country takes its name from the Swazi group of people. The name is believed to have origins in Mswati, meaning “rod” or “stick.” The entire Black population speaks Swazi, which is now the official language (along with English).

Tanzania (tahn-zah-NEE-ah). Population: 39,384,223. The name is derived from the union of mainland Tanganyika and the islands of Zanzibar that together form the United Republic of Tanzania. Although there are roughly 100 Bantu languages spoken in Tanzania, Kiswahili is spoken by almost everyone. The two official languages are Kiswahili and English.

Togo (TOH-goh). Population: 5,701,579. This country is named after the nearby Lake Togo. French is the language used for business purposes, but Ewe and Mine are two major local languages spoken in the south. In the north, Kabye and Dagomba are major local languages.

Tunisia (too-NEE-zhuh). Population: 10,276,158. This country was named for Tunis, the present-day capital. Arabic (the official language), French, and Shilha (Tunisian Berber) are most commonly spoken in Tunisia.

Uganda (yoo-GAHN-dah). Population: 30,262,610. The name means “land of the Ganda” from the Swahili “u,” meaning “land,” and “Ganda,” the country’s most numerous people. English is the official language. Ganda and Kiswahili are also widely used.

Western Sahara*. Population: 393,831. This country is named for its location. Arabic is the most commonly used language (specifically, Hassaniyah, a dialect of Arabic).

Zambia (ZAHM-bee-ah). Population: 11,477,447. Once known as Northern Rhodesia, Zambia is derived from the Zambezi River that flows along Zambia’s southern borders. English is the official language, and common languages are Bemba (25 percent of the population), Kaonda, Lozi Lunda, Luvale, Nyanja (12 percent of the population), and Tonga (12 percent of the population).

Zimbabwe (zeem-BAHB-way). Population: 12,311,143. Zimbabwe means “stone houses” in the local Shona Language. More than half the population speaks Shona. Around 8 percent speak Sindebele (Ndebele).

As the crab nears the stream, it understand the language of the stream.  _-Ghana

With over 1,000 languages, Africa is home to more languages than any other continent. Most Africans are multilingual or at least bilingual, typically speaking the language of their own ethnic group as well as one or two languages of wider communication. A person from southeast Nigeria, for example, will probably speak at least three languages: Efik (in his/her community); Igbo (the regional language); and English (the language used in schools). A Nigerian may even speak Nigerian Pidgin English, particularly if s/he conducts business in major Nigerian cities.

The majority of African people do speak an “overarching” language like Kiswahili, French, Arabic, or English. Because of Africa’s experience with colonialism and imperialism, the names or official languages of African countries may often be European. (Egyptians, for example, call their own country Misr, not Egypt, and many South Africans refer to their homeland as Azania, rather than South Africa).

Kiswahili, of the Niger-Kordofanian family, is the most widely spoken language in Africa with between 50 and 80 million speakers (as a first and second language). The countries of Kiswahili-speaking communities represent a total area of 6,649,511 square miles, which is 1.14 times the size of the United States (Ramazani 1995). Countries with Kiswahili-speaking communities include, but are not limited to, Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia, Uganda, Kenya, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Comoros, and Madagascar.

The World Factbook 2006 estimates suggest Hausa (25 million speakers), Yoruba (22 million speakers), Amharic (17 million speakers), Zulu (10 million speakers), Rundi (5 to 8 million speakers), and Fulani (6 million speakers) are also widely used languages.

© 2009 Askhari Johnson Hodari, Ph.D., author of The African Book of Names | www.afrikannames.com. You have permission to copy and distribute this document as long as this footer remains visible.